| Question |
Answer |
| What is the most common cardiovascular disease in the US? |
|
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
|
| What is Acute Coronary Syndrome? |
|
A form of coronary artery disease that presents with unstable angina and myocardial infarction. It is more serious.
|
| What are the fatty deposits called that build up in the arteries, leading to atherosclerosis? |
|
Atheromas
|
| What are the three general phases in the development of atherosclerosis? |
|
Fatty streak, Fibrous Plaque and Complicated Lesion
|
| ______ are the earliest lesions associated with atherosclerosis and appear around age 15. Lowering LDL may reverse this process. |
|
Fatty streaks (in smooth muscle cells)
|
| Formation of _________ results in a narrowing of vessel lumens and a reduction in blood flow to distal tissues. They begin to form around age 30 and increase in number with age. |
|
Fibrous plaques
|
| A _______ is the most dangerous stage of formation during atherosclerosis. Continuation of development leads to instability and can result in the development of a thrombus. |
|
Complicated lesion
|
| T/F Men are likely to experience angina prior to an MI. |
|
False, men commonly experience MI as the initial cardiac event
|
| What is collateral circulation? |
|
The development of arterial anastomoses (connections) to compensate for an occlusion of blood flow in the coronary arteries.
|
| Who has the highest instance of CAD? |
|
White, middle aged men
|
|
|
| What are the non-modifiable risk factors for CAD?
(5) |
|
Age, gender, family history, genetic predisposition, ethnicity
|
| What are the modifiable risk factors for CAD? |
|
Elevated serum lipids, smoking, hypertension, physical inactivity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity, psychological states and homocysteine level
|
| What is the most common presenting symptom for women experiencing their first cardiac event? |
|
Angina
|
| What genetic disorder has been associated with an increased risk of CAD? |
|
Hypercholesterolemia
|
| What is the function of HDL? |
|
Carries lipids away from arteries and to the liver for metabolism, therefore high levels are desirable
|
| Which HDL type is typically higher in women until the onset of menopause? |
|
HDL2
|
| What can lead to increases in HDL levels? |
|
Exercise, moderate alcohol consumption, estrogen
|
| What lifestyle factors can contribute to increased triglycerides? |
|
High alcohol consumption, high intake of refined carbs and simple sugars, physical inactivity
|
| What medications can increase triglycerides? |
|
Corticosteroids, HRT
|
| What is involved in calculating the 10 year risk of a person having a nonfatal MI or dying from a cardiac event? |
|
-Age
-Gender
-Tobacco use
-Systolic BP
-Use of BP meds
-Total cholesterol
-HDL cholesterol level
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